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python itertools module

by St1tch

 itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping

New in version 2.3.

This module implements a number of iterator building blocks inspired by constructs from APL, Haskell, and SML. Each has been recast in a form suitable for Python.

The module standardizes a core set of fast, memory efficient tools that are useful by themselves or in combination. Together, they form an “iterator algebra” making it possible to construct specialized tools succinctly and efficiently in pure Python.

For instance, SML provides a tabulation tool: tabulate(f) which produces a sequence f(0), f(1), .... The same effect can be achieved in Python by combining imap() and count() to form imap(f, count()).

These tools and their built-in counterparts also work well with the high-speed functions in the operator module. For example, the multiplication operator can be mapped across two vectors to form an efficient dot-product:sum(imap(operator.mul, vector1, vector2)).

Infinite Iterators:

IteratorArgumentsResultsExample
count()start, [step]start, start+step, start+2*step, ...count(10) --> 10 11 12 13 14 ...
cycle()pp0, p1, ... plast, p0, p1, ...cycle('ABCD') --> A B C D A B C D ...
repeat()elem [,n]elem, elem, elem, ... endlessly or up to n timesrepeat(10, 3) --> 10 10 10

Iterators terminating on the shortest input sequence:

IteratorArgumentsResultsExample
chain()p, q, ...p0, p1, ... plast, q0, q1, ...chain('ABC', 'DEF') --> A B C D E F
compress()data, selectors(d[0] if s[0]), (d[1] if s[1]), ...compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) --> A C E F
dropwhile()pred, seqseq[n], seq[n+1], starting when pred failsdropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 6 4 1
groupby()iterable[, keyfunc]sub-iterators grouped by value of keyfunc(v) 
ifilter()pred, seqelements of seq where pred(elem) is trueifilter(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 1 3 5 7 9
ifilterfalse()pred, seqelements of seq where pred(elem) is falseifilterfalse(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8
islice()seq, [start,] stop [, step]elements from seq[start:stop:step]islice('ABCDEFG', 2, None) --> C D E F G
imap()func, p, q, ...func(p0, q0), func(p1, q1), ...imap(pow, (2,3,10), (5,2,3)) --> 32 9 1000
starmap()func, seqfunc(*seq[0]), func(*seq[1]), ...starmap(pow, [(2,5), (3,2), (10,3)]) --> 32 9 1000
tee()it, nit1, it2, ... itn splits one iterator into n 
takewhile()pred, seqseq[0], seq[1], until pred failstakewhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 1 4
izip()p, q, ...(p[0], q[0]), (p[1], q[1]), ...izip('ABCD', 'xy') --> Ax By
izip_longest()p, q, ...(p[0], q[0]), (p[1], q[1]), ...izip_longest('ABCD', 'xy', fillvalue='-') --> Ax By C- D-

Combinatoric generators:

IteratorArgumentsResults
product()p, q, ... [repeat=1]cartesian product, equivalent to a nested for-loop
permutations()p[, r]r-length tuples, all possible orderings, no repeated elements
combinations()p, rr-length tuples, in sorted order, no repeated elements
combinations_with_replacement()p, rr-length tuples, in sorted order, with repeated elements
product('ABCD', repeat=2) AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD
permutations('ABCD', 2) AB AC AD BA BC BD CA CB CD DA DB DC
combinations('ABCD', 2) AB AC AD BC BD CD
combinations_with_replacement('ABCD', 2) AA AB AC AD BB BC BD CC CD DD


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